What is globalization? -QIU PENGYU

1. Summary of the Reading

Globalization is commonly used to describe the process by which economies, cultures, technologies, and societies around the world gradually integrate and become interdependent. As a concept, it was first mentioned in the early 20th century and has been progressively supplemented and expanded over time. While its precise definition remains subject to ongoing academic debate, one indisputable fact is that our lives have been permanently altered by the globalization process, and we continue to influence its trajectory.

Globalization is not a sudden modern phenomenon but rather the current phase of a long historical process of “connecting and integrating human civilization.” For millennia, regional cultural and economic exchanges have steadily expanded the scale and scope of human interaction. The Age of Exploration in the 16th century connected previously isolated regional networks through maritime routes. Driven by mutual interests, no civilization could remain isolated within its own borders.

2. mention any new, interesting, or unusual items learned

While globalization fosters human connection, it has also spawned a countervailing movement—the “collective rightward shift” characterized by the rise of nationalism and conservatism observed in multiple nations in recent years. However, I believe this is far from signaling the end of globalization. When globalization's economic and cultural forces erode traditional notions of security and identity, a counterforce seeking to redraw borders and reinforce local identities inevitably emerges as a reaction. Thus, this rightward shift itself is a dynamic response triggered by globalization—an integral part of its historical trajectory.

3. Identify at least one question, concern

While I firmly believe the “collective rightward shift” will not stifle globalization, we must remain vigilant against the severe challenges it poses. First, heightened globalization transforms localized risks into systemic ones, where significant disturbances in one region can escalate into global crises. Multiple regional financial crises and the recent COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated this. More alarmingly, international cooperation mechanisms for addressing global crises are stalling or even regressing. For instance, as a major global power, the United States has withdrawn from crucial international frameworks and organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Paris Climate Agreement, and the United Nations Human Rights Council.

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